Korean Alphabet
The letters and characters of Korean written in the Korean script, in order — every standard character with its name and codepoint, the additional and punctuation sets, and exactly how many fonts include them. About 79,278,717 people read or write it across 7 countries.
The Korean alphabet — Hangul jamo
Korean is not written letter by letter in a line. Its alphabet, Hangul, has 40 basic letters — 19 consonants and 21 vowels, listed below — and they are stacked into square syllable blocks: a consonant first, a vowel beside or below it, and often one more consonant tucked underneath. The 11,172 standard characters further down this page are those blocks, every combination Korean can write. Learn the 40 letters and the blocks stop being a mystery: each one is just two or three letters fitted together.
Consonants
| Letter | Name | Codepoint |
|---|---|---|
| ㄱ | Giyeok g /k/ — a soft k, halfway between English g and k at the end of a syllable it is a plain stopped k | U+3131 |
| ㄲ | Ssanggiyeok kk /k͈/ — a tense k: the throat stays stiff and there is no puff of air — a tighter, harder k | U+3132 |
| ㄴ | Nieun n /n/ | U+3134 |
| ㄷ | Digeut d /t/ — halfway between English d and t at the end of a syllable it is read t | U+3137 |
| ㄸ | Ssangdigeut tt /t͈/ — a tense t: stiff throat, no puff of air | U+3138 |
| ㄹ | Rieul r / l /ɾ/, /l/ — a quick tap of the tongue, between r and l one letter for both: tapped r between vowels, l at the end of a syllable | U+3139 |
| ㅁ | Mieum m /m/ | U+3141 |
| ㅂ | Bieup b /p/ — halfway between English b and p at the end of a syllable it is read p | U+3142 |
| ㅃ | Ssangbieup pp /p͈/ — a tense p: stiff throat, no puff of air | U+3143 |
| ㅅ | Siot s /s/ at the end of a syllable it is read t | U+3145 |
| ㅆ | Ssangsiot ss /s͈/ — a tense, strongly hissed s at the end of a syllable it is read t | U+3146 |
| ㅇ | Ieung silent / ng /ŋ/ — at the start of a syllable it says nothing at all — it only holds the vowel's place; at the end it is the ng of singer | U+3147 |
| ㅈ | Jieuj j /tɕ/ — between the j of jam and the ch of chin — softer than either at the end of a syllable it is read t | U+3148 |
| ㅉ | Ssangjieuj jj /tɕ͈/ — the tense partner of ㅈ: stiff throat, no puff of air | U+3149 |
| ㅊ | Chieut ch /tɕʰ/ — ch with a puff of air at the end of a syllable it is read t | U+314A |
| ㅋ | Kieuk k /kʰ/ — k with a puff of air at the end of a syllable it is a plain stopped k | U+314B |
| ㅌ | Tieut t /tʰ/ — t with a puff of air at the end of a syllable it is read t | U+314C |
| ㅍ | Pieup p /pʰ/ — p with a puff of air at the end of a syllable it is read p | U+314D |
| ㅎ | Hieut h /h/ at the end of a syllable it weakens, vanishes, or merges into the consonant that follows | U+314E |
Vowels
| Letter | Name | Codepoint |
|---|---|---|
| ㅏ | A a /a/ — a as in father | U+314F |
| ㅐ | Ae ae /ɛ/ — e as in bed in modern Seoul speech it has nearly merged with ㅔ | U+3150 |
| ㅑ | Ya ya /ja/ — ya as in yard | U+3151 |
| ㅒ | Yae yae /jɛ/ in modern Seoul speech it sounds exactly like ㅖ | U+3152 |
| ㅓ | Eo eo /ʌ/ — the u in cut, said a little further back in the mouth | U+3153 |
| ㅔ | E e /e/ — a tighter e — in modern Seoul speech it and ㅐ have nearly merged | U+3154 |
| ㅕ | Yeo yeo /jʌ/ — the eo vowel with a y glide in front of it | U+3155 |
| ㅖ | Ye ye /je/ — ye as in yes, with a tight e | U+3156 |
| ㅗ | O o /o/ — a pure o, like the o in note held short | U+3157 |
| ㅘ | Wa wa /wa/ — wa as in wand | U+3158 |
| ㅙ | Wae wae /wɛ/ — a w gliding into the e of bed | U+3159 |
| ㅚ | Oe oe /ø/, often /we/ — written as a rounded front vowel; most speakers today say we when it follows a consonant | U+315A |
| ㅛ | Yo yo /jo/ — yo as in yogurt | U+315B |
| ㅜ | U u /u/ — oo as in moon | U+315C |
| ㅝ | Wo wo /wʌ/ — a w gliding into the u of cut | U+315D |
| ㅞ | We we /we/ — we as in wet, with a tight e | U+315E |
| ㅟ | Wi wi /ɥi/, often /wi/ — a fast glide from rounded lips into ee — often simply wi | U+315F |
| ㅠ | Yu yu /ju/ — yu as in youth | U+3160 |
| ㅡ | Eu eu /ɯ/ — a deep u made with the lips spread flat, never rounded — English has no sound like it | U+3161 |
| ㅢ | Ui ui /ɰi/ — the eu vowel gliding into ee after a consonant it often shortens to i, and as the possessive ending it is read e | U+3162 |
| ㅣ | I i /i/ — ee as in machine | U+3163 |
Standard characters
The minimal set of characters required for Korean — the language's alphabet, in its traditional order. Tap a character to copy it; each name opens the full character page.
How Hangul works
Hangul, created in the 1440s under King Sejong, is a true alphabet — but its letters never march in a line. The 40 jamo in the chart above are assembled into square blocks, one block per syllable: a leading consonant on the left or on top, a vowel to its right or beneath it, and in longer syllables a final consonant tucked at the bottom. The 11,172 standard characters on this page are simply every block the rules allow. A block is not a picture to memorize; it is two or three letters fitted together, and it falls apart back into its jamo the moment you read it.
The consonants come in families of three: plain, puffed, and tense. ㄱ, ㅋ and ㄲ are all k-like, but the first is soft (between English g and k), the second carries a puff of air, and the third is tense — said with the throat held stiff and no breath at all. The same pattern runs through t, p, ch and s, and it is the part English ears find hardest: the difference is not between our g and k, but in how much breath and tension the sound carries. Position also rewrites sounds. A consonant at the bottom of a block is clipped to one of just seven endings — k, n, t, l, m, p, ng — so ㅅ, ㅈ and ㅌ all end as plain t, and ㄹ is tapped r between vowels but l at the end.
The vowels are built from three strokes — a dot (now a short stroke) for heaven, a flat line for earth, and a standing line for the human figure — combined into the 21 forms in the chart. Two need care: ㅓ (eo) is the u of cut said further back, and ㅡ (eu) is a deep u with the lips spread flat, never rounded. ㅇ is the alphabet's one two-faced letter: at the start of a block it is completely silent, a placeholder that lets a syllable begin with a vowel, and at the bottom it is the ng of singer.
Additional Characters
Used for foreign words, names and technical terms, and older forms of the language.
Punctuation characters
The marks used to separate sentences and to clarify meaning.
Where Korean is read
Countries shaded by the share of their population that reads or writes Korean in the Korean script. The map is zoomed to the region where at least 1% of a country's people read it; neighbouring countries are shown unshaded for context.
Estimated readers — share of each country's population (CLDR).
| Country | Estimated readers | Share of population |
|---|---|---|
| South Korea | 52,081,800 | 100% |
| North Korea | 23,142,856 | 88% |
| China | 2,124,060 | 0.15% |
| United States | 1,025,889 | 0.3% |
| Japan | 640,650 | 0.52% |
| Canada | 217,251 | 0.56% |
| Brazil | 46,211 | 0.02% |
Korean — facts
| Font coverage | 6 of 137,179 fonts include every one of the 11,172 standard characters; 4 include the standard and additional sets together. Counts are exact for the snapshot of 21 October 2026. |
|---|---|
| Script | Hangul |
| Unicode blocks | Basic Latin, Latin-1 Supplement, Hangul Jamo, General Punctuation, CJK Symbols and Punctuation, Katakana, CJK Unified Ideographs, Hangul Syllables, Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms |
| People | About 79,278,717 people read or write Korean in the Korean script — mostly in South Korea, North Korea, China, United States, Japan. |
Data: Unicode CLDR exemplar characters (CLDR 48.2.0) and CLDR territory population data. Font counts: snapshot of 21 October 2026.